Key features of the Chemistry HL study guide:

• A review of all core topics for higher level study, written in an easy-to-follow manner.

• Lots of practice questions including over 100 Learning Check questions to ensure you understand key concepts, plus 40 more exam-style questions to test your knowledge.

• Common Mistake Labels drawing your attention to errors students often make in exams.

• Classic Question Labels identifying popular question types on the IB exam.

• Exam Trap Labels indicating things to look out for during the exam that can trip you up.

• Clear diagrams, charts, and tables to aid understanding of key concepts.

Content of the Chemistry HL study guide:

Quantitative Chemistry

• Mole Concept

• Units

• Mole – Particle Conversions

• Molar Mass

• Mole – Mass Conversions

• Balancing Equations

• Mole Relationships in a Chemical Reaction

• Mass Relationships in a Chemical Reaction

• Limiting Reactant

• Determination of Formulae – Gravimetric Analysis

• Mixtures & Solutions

• Making Solutions and Determining Solute Mass

• Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Pressure

• Boyle’s Law

• Pressure Law

• Charles’ Law

• The Combined Gas Law

• Avogadro’s Law

• Avogadro’s Law of Combining Volumes

• Ideal Gas Law

• Yield: Theoretical, Experimental and Percentage

• Empirical & Molecular Formulae

• Calculations from Percentage Information

• Calculations from Empirical Data

• Compounds Containing Oxygen

• Molecular Formula

• Summary Questions

Atomic Structure

• Subatomic Particles

• The Nuclear Atom & Isotopes

• Isotope Notation

• The Mass Spectrometer

• Relative Atomic Mass

• Calculating Relative Average Atomic Mass

• Calculating Natural Abundance

• The Electronic Atom – Basic Structure

• Evidence for Shells – The Hydrogen Spectrum

• Explaining the Hydrogen Spectrum

• The Electronic Atom – Shells & Sub-Shells

• AHL – Energy of Light

• Orbital Diagrams & Hund’s Rule

• Exceptions to the Filling Pattern in the D-Block

• Successive Ionization Energies – Evidence for Shells

• Exceptions to Ionization Energy Trend – Evidence for Subshells

• Summary Questions

Periodicity

• Structure of the Periodic Table

• Effective Nuclear Charge

• Trends in the Periodic Table – The Basic Idea

• Atomic Radius

• Ionic Radius

• Atomic vs. Ionic Radii

• Ionization Energy – General Trend

• Electron Affinity

• Electronegativity

• Chemical Properties

• Reactions of Alkali Metals and Halogens

• Reactions of Alkali Metals with Water

• Properties of the Halogens

• Halogens & Halides

• Chemical Properties Across Period 3

• Reactions of the Oxides of Period 3 with Water

• First Row D-Block Elements

• Catalysts

• Complex Ions

• Colourful Transition Metal Compounds

• Summary Questions

Bonding

• Bonding vs. Structure

• The Octet Rule

• Types of Bonding

• Ionic Charges & Formulae

• Simple Ionic Compounds – From the Periodic Table

• Transition Metal Compounds

• Is it +2 or 2+?

• Compounds of Polyatomic Ions

• Ionic Compounds & Properties

• Metallic Bonding & Alloys

• Melting Point

• Melting Point of Group 1 – The Alkali Metals

• Covalent Bonding

• Covalent Formulae

• Lewis Structure

• VSEPR Theory & Molecular Shapes I

• Exceptional Lewis Structures

• Shapes of Molecules II

• Hybridization

• Types of Covalent Bonds

• Resonance & Delocalization

• Resonance Stabilization Energy

• Bond Angle and Double Bonds

• Formal Charges

• Bond Polarity and Molecular Polarity

• Bond Length and Strength

• Allotropes of Carbon

• Intermolecular Forces

• London Dispersion Forces

• Dipole – Dipole Forces

• Dipole – Induced Dipole

• Hydrogen Bonding

• The Layering of Intermolecular Forces

• How do you Determine the type of IMF?

• Types of Solids

• Physical Properties of Solids

• Summary Questions

Energetics

• Endothermic & Exothermic

• Potential Energy Diagrams (Enthalpy Diagrams)

• Standard Conditions

• Calorimetry – Enthalpy Change Calculations

• Assumptions in Calorimetry

• The Calorimeter Constant

• Hess’ Law

• Heat of Hydration

• Bond Enthalpy

• Standard Enthalpy Changes

• Standard Enthalpy of Formation

• Standard Enthalpy of Combustion

• Which Formula do I use?

• Born – Haber Cycles & Ionic Lattice Enthalpy

• Entropy

• Hess’ Law and Entropy

• Spontaneity & Gibb’s Free Energy

• Free Energy & Equilibrium

• Summary Questions

Kinetics

• Rates of Reaction

• Rate Experiments

• Collision Theory

• Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction

• Rate Expression/Rate Law

• The Rate Constant

• Reaction Mechanisms

• Activation Energy

• Summary Questions

Equilibrium

• Dynamic Equilibrium

• Approaching Equilibrium

• Position of Equilibrium

• LeChÂteleir’s Principle

• Reaction Quotient

• The Meaning of Kc

• Determining the Equilibirum Constant, KEQ

• Determining Equilibrium Concentrations

• Summary Questions

Acids & Bases

• Theories of Acids and Bases

• Properties of Acids & Bases

• H+ (AQ) or H3O+ (AQ)?

• Conjugate Pairs

• Amphoteric Substances

• Strong & Weak

• Distinguishing Between Strong and Weak

• pH Scale

• Acid Deposition

• Calculation of pH of Weak Acid Solutions

• Hydrolysis of Salts

• Buffer Solutions

• Acid – Base Titration – Strong Acid & Strong Base

• Acid – Base Titration – Weak & Strong

• Indicators

• pH Curves

• Relative Strengths of Acids & Bases

• Summary Questions

Oxidation & Reduction

• Oxidation Numbers

• Redox Reactions

• Reactivity

• Half Reactions

• Dissolved Oxygen and BOD Definitions

• Voltaic Cells

• Salt Bridge

• Standard Electrode Potentials

• Electrolysis of Molten Salts

• Electrolysis of Solutions

• Factors Affecting Amount of Electrolysis Product

• Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Solution

• Summary Questions

Organic Chemistry

• Hydrocarbons

• Naming Hydrocarbons

• Isomers

• Structural Isomers

• Branching in Organic Chemistry

• Alkanes

• Organic Functional Groups

• Functional Groups vs. Classes of Compounds

• Functional Group Isomerism

• Alkenes – Electrophilic Addition Reactions

• Electrophilic Addition Mechanism

• Benzene and Derivatives

• Important Isomers

• Halogenoalkanes

• Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

• SN1 – Nucleophilic Substitution – First Order Kinetics

• SN2 – Nucleophilic Substitution – Second Order Kinetics

• Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions II

• Alcohols

• Combustion of Alcohols

• Oxidation of Alcohols

• Alcohol Oxidation Products

• Reduction of Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids

• Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen

• Elimination Reactions

• Ester Condensation Reactions

• Condensation Polymers

• Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

• Reaction Pathways

• Stereoisomerism

• Optical Isomerism

• Summary Questions

Measurement & Data Processing

• Observations

• Uncertainty in Measurements

• Precision & Accuracy

• Significant Digits

• Rounding of Numbers

• Adding and Subtracting Significant Digits

• Multiplying and Dividing Significant Digits

• Systematic Uncertainty

• Absolute & Relative Uncertainty

• Propagating Uncertainty

• Types of Relationships

• The Formula of a Compound

• Mass Spectroscopy (MS)

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

• Infrared Spectroscopy

• X-Ray Crystallography